Mean difference in timing of first antenatal checks across regions and associated factors among pregnant women attending health facilities in Ethiopia: evidence from Ethiopian demographic health survey, 2019.

INTRODUCTION: Early initiation of antenatal care visits is an essential component of services to improve maternal health. Conducting a detailed study about the mean difference in timing at first antenatal checks across regions and factors associated with timing at first antenatal checks among women attending antenatal in Ethiopia is essential to ensure maternal and newborn health. Therefore, this study aimed to describe the mean difference in timing at first antenatal visits and associated factors among pregnant women attending different health facilities across regions in Ethiopia. METHOD: The Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) conducted a community-based cross-sectional study in 2019. In this study, data about the timing of the first antenatal check-ups were requested from the Demographic Health Survey in February 2023, and the required variables were downloaded in SAS and SPSS formats from the data set. A total of 2935 women from nine regional states and two city administrations with an age range of 15 to 49 years were included in the study. The mean difference in timing at first antenatal check-ups, its correlation and various factors were estimated using multiple linear regressions to identify factors. RESULT: The majority of the 2034 (69.3%) of pregnant women who participated in the study were rural residents. The mean (± SD) age of the pregnant women was 29 (± 6.5) years. Approximately 32.5% of pregnant women visited their first antenatal check after 4 months of pregnancy. The results showed that counselling by health workers during a previous pregnancy (p < 0.01) significantly predicts timing at first antenatal checks in months holding previous delivery, previous antenatal care at both government and private facilities, ever attended school, and highest educational level. Timing at the first antenatal check-in months is expected to decrease by 0.99 months for every counselling session at each pregnancy. The results of the analysis suggested that the regression model significantly predicted timing at the first antenatal check (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The mean difference in timing at the first antenatal check in months among Ethiopian pregnant women relatively significantly varies in two regions. Previous pregnancy counselling by health workers positively influences the timing of first antenatal check-ups for subsequent antenatal check follow-ups in Ethiopia.

Determinants of active pulmonary tuberculosis in Ambo Hospital, West Ethiopia.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with active pulmonary tuberculosis seen in cases in Ambo Hospital, Ethiopia. DESIGN: A facility-based prospective case-control study. SETTING: Patients attending Ambo Hospital from 01 December 2011 to 29 March 2012. PARTICIPANTS: The sample included 312 adult patients attending Ambo Hospital. The main outcome measure was presence of active pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). EXPLANATORY MEASURES: Age, gender, occupation, educational status, marital status, place of residence, patient history of TB, family history of TB, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, smoking, alcohol intake, khat chewing, body mass index (BMI), employment, diabetes, history of asthma, previous history of worm infestation, history of hospitalisation, number of adults living in the household (HH), person per room, housing condition. RESULTS: A total of 312 study participants, including 104 active pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) cases (cases) and 208 non-active PTB cases (controls), were recruited for the present study. Having one or more family member with a history of TB (OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 1.50­12.90), marital status (OR = 7.6; 95% CI: 2.2­12.6), male gender (OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.4­7), rural residence (OR = 3.3; P = 0.012), being a current or past smoker (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1­7.2), BMI < 18.5 (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.03­4.2), HIV infection (OR = 8.8; 95% CI: 2.4­23.8) and a history of worm infestation (OR = 6.4; 95% CI: 2.6­15.4) remained significant independent host-related factors for active PTB. CONCLUSION: Patients who came from a compound with more than two HHs were more likely to develop active PTB than those who came from a compound with only one HH. Those who lived in houses with no windows were more likely to develop active PTB than those who lived in houses with one or more windows, had a family history of TB, lived in rural areas. Sex of the patient was a predicting factor. Not being the owner of the house was significantly more associated with active PTB. Measures taken to reduce the prevalence and burden of active PTB should consider these determinant factors.